Globalization: Economics and World

By reading Skidelsky’s article, he demonstrated a great explanation about the globalization and the future strategy for the world. According to this article, Skid sky analyzed the past financial recession influence to the world and the current world’s major issues in the world. In the Skidelsky’s article, he provided main arguments about globalization development after the collapse in autumn 2008. Before he provided a solution for the recession, Skidesky illustrated the current order problems in the world with examples and scholar’s theories.According to analysis Keynes and related theories, pointing the main problems of globalization, he believed that the most likely fate for globalization is to cooperate and implement cooperative solutions, which will be a quantum leap in the world to solve multiple problems. According to Skidelsky’s statement, the cooperation is necessary, which only accrued among states with the same values. Under this statement , he stated that the cooperation would be a useful tool to reduce the conflicts between democracy and globalization, which stated that non-democracy is important for states.Skidelsky’s provided other two options for the world, including creating a world sovereign and a project of Pax Americana. By comparing with among those three options, related a theory applies and real examples, Skidelsky demonstrated that the cooperative is the main option for the world to recovery from the global financial crisis. In order to ensure his argument more convinced, he also analyzed the current economic world situation with two scenarios, disintegration and global compact, which are only relying on specific countries or groups.Therefore, to solve the recession issue to the world, the cooperative becomes necessary, because the world cannot cut the recession. In the cooperation theory, only the vital state can become democratic. Within the whole nation, stronger states should follow the rules t o assist the weaker states to boost their economy. Skidelsky used the project for a league of democracies, George Soros to prove that cooperative between states is important. In the non-democratic version of cooperation, China and Russia are the major examples in the world.Furthermore, he demonstrated the game theory and treaties, which depended on the self-interest, which becomes the main element to development cooperative in the worldwide. From my opinion, I believed that the cooperative is the main issue to solve the recession issue in the world. With the development of globalization, a stronger country should assist other country to boost on their economic development. There is no economic government in the world. All countries and states need to focus on their self-interest and use power of cooperative with other countries to recovery from the financial recession.The implement cooperative solution is to reform in the state by cooperating within the country and cooperating with other countries in the world. By making joint efforts, the recession will be cut and the globalization will be powerful. Therefore, Skidelsky’s about cooperative argument is advancing and significant. There new solution will assist the world transfer from political economy to cooperation economy and the global financial recession will be reducing.

Assignment †Drinks: Evidence-Based Claims

HBS108 Assignment – Drinks: Evidence-based Claims ———————————————————————————————————————————— 1. INTRODUCTION Drinks are an important and yet relatively under researched area of children's nutrition. The purpose of this report is to research on what the latest peer- reviewed evidence states about the health benefits of products such as Nutrient water, and to then to compare this literature to the health benefits of cow’s milk.By examining a range of recently published peer-reviewed journal articles on the topic of advantages and disadvantages of drinks which are evidence based claims, this report is an examination and comparison between nutrient water type drinks and cow’s milk. The report then concludes with a recommendation on how to make a good nutritional choice in which is best for children to consume. 2i. ADVANTAGES OF CHILDREN REGULARLY CONSUMING â€Å"NUTRIENT WATER†-TYPE DRINKSConsumers today want more from their beverages than merely good taste. In addition to nutrient water type drinks, energy drinks such as red bull, has continued to gain popularity among teenagers (Malinauskas et al. 2007, p. 2). Studies has shown that energy drinks provide the consumer with increased energy as shown in advertisements with the aid of caffeine by providing the desirable effects of increased alertness, improved memory, and enhanced mood (Oddy & O’Sullivan 2009, p. 4). Malinauskas et al. (2007, p. 6) states that through research, energy drink consumption is common among college students, particularly due to insufficient sleep, needing more energy in general, while studying for exams or working on major course projects and while dr iving an automobile for prolonged period. Guarana is an ingredient found in energy drinks, its functional claim is to increase energy, enhances physical performance, and promotes weight loss.There is scientific evidence to support this claim, major component of guarana is caffeine and caffeine consumption has been associated with increased energy, enhancement of physical performance, and suppressed appetite (Scholey & Kennedy 2004, p. 321). 2ii. DISADVANTAGES OF CHILDREN REGULARLY CONSUMING â€Å"NUTRIENT WATER†-TYPE DRINKS Caffeine has been found to have detrimental health consequences.At moderate intakes, caffeine can enhance endurance performance and concentration in adults, but when consumed in larger doses, caffeine can cause anxiety, agitation, sleeplessness, gastrointestinal problems, and arrhythmias (Oddy & O’Sullivan 2009, p. 64). Further, acute caffeine consumption reduces insulin sensitivity and increases mean arterial blood pressure. Central nervous system, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal dysfunction have been associated with chronic caffeine ingestion. According to Clauson et al. (2008, p. 6) research has also shown that the high glucose content of energy drinks and other flavored enhanced beverages plays a considerable role in weight gain, which can lead to serious health consequences such as diabetes. In addition, Clauson et al. explains that deaths, new-onset seizures, manic episodes have been linked to ingestion of large amounts of energy drinks. Based on findings, consumption of energy drinks nor nutrient enhanced drinks by children is not recommended. 3i. ADVANTAGES OF CHILDREN REGULARLY CONSUMING COW’S MILK According to Popkin et al. (2006, p. 33) many beneficial, and some detrimental, health effects have been attributed to the consumption of cow’s milk. Furthermore, Popkin et al. (2006, p. 533) states that for children and adolescents, milk is the current key source of vitamin D and calcium and is an excellent source of high-quality protein. Cow’s milk consumption has several benefits. Watt, Dykes and Sheiham (2000, p. 14) explains that an adequate intake of calcium is needed to ensure development and maintenance of skeletal strength. Bone disorders such as osteoporosis are an increasing health problem which can be prevented with daily intake of ample quantity of milk.A recent study demonstrated that intake of milk in childhood and adolescence is associated with increased bone mass and density in adulthood (Kristensen et al. 2005, p. 1803). Pfeuffer and Schrezenmeir (2006, p. 113) states that recent observational studies confirm that the consumption of milk products can actually lower cholesterol levels, have reduced risk of protein malnutrition, fewer dental cavities, increased mineral content in children bones and fewer bone fractures. 3ii. DISADVANTAGES OF CHILDREN REGULARLY CONSUMING COW’S MILK According to Bell, Grochoski & Clarke (2006, p. 4) up until recent ly, the only reputed downside to consuming bovine milk and other dairy products were intolerances to lactose and allergies to milk protein. Furthermore, Bell, Grochoski & Clarke explains that despite its health bene? ts, the consumption of cow’s milk has come under scrutiny for its reported links to the risk of chronic diseases. According to Haug, Hostmark and Harstad ( 2007, p. 6) several studies has suggested that there is an association between milk consumption and blood pressure; as hypertension is inversely related to milk consumption in some epidemiological- and intervention studies.It has been suggested that some milk peptides have antihypertensive effects, both by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme, having opoid-like activities, antithrombotic properties and by binding minerals. Experiments demonstrate that high calcium content of milk can interfere with a child’s absorption of iron, another mineral that is crucial for development. To ensure a child is no t iron deficient, it’s a good idea to avoid serving milk products and iron-rich foods in the same meal (Dewar 2009, p. 28). 4. CONCLUSION Drinks are an important and yet relatively under researched area of children's nutrition.This report has identified the advantages and disadvantages of children who are of 9 to 12 years of age regularly consuming â€Å"nutrient water-type drinks and cow’s milk. The impact of regularly consuming cow’s milk as opposed to energy drinks in addition to â€Å"nutrient water-type drinks† is expected to have positive health benefits such as the prevention of osteoporosis, increased bone mass and density, lower cholesterol levels, reduced risk of protein malnutrition, fewer dental cavities, increased mineral content in children bones and fewer bone fractures. . RECOMMENDATION From the above mentioned peer-reviewed evidence-based discussion, we recommend that children and adolescents of 9 years of age and older group should cons ume 3 cups per day of fat-free or low-fat milk or equivalent milk products instead as compared with the nutrient enhanced water in addition to energy drinks. Based on findings, consumption of energy drinks nor nutrient enhanced drinks by children is not recommended as the ingredient found in those drinks might lead to adverse effects and possibly death in case of over consumption.Patients with clinically relevant underlying medical conditions, including heart disease, should consult their physician before drinking energy drinks. The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing, and switching from whole milk to low-fat or fat-free milk has been suggested as one way to reduce children’s intake of excess fat and calories. Diets rich in milk products can reduce the risk of low bone mass throughout the life cycle. The consumption of milk products is especially essential for children and adolescents who are building their peak bone mass and developing lifelong habits.Although each of these food groups may have a different relationship with disease outcomes, the adequate consumption of all food groups contributes to overall health. 6. REFERENCE LIST Bell, S Grochoski, G Clarke, A 2006,’Health implications of milk containing beta-casein with the A2 genetic variant’, Critical Reviews In Food Science and Nutrition, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 93-100, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost.Bellisle, F Thornton, SN Hebel, P Denizeau, M Tahiri, M 2010, ‘A study of fluid intake from beverages in a sample of health French children, adolescents and adults’, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 64, no. 4, pp, 350-335, retrieved 4 September 2011, < http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy-m. deakin. edu. au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=f8b1289f-91ba-4e4e-8772-649a62a3cb1e%40sessionmgr111&vid=2&hid=106>. Binns, C Graham, K Scott, J & Oddy, W 2007, ‘Infants who drink cow milk: A cohort study’, Journal of Paediatr ics & Child Health, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 607-610, retrieved 21 August 2011, . Black, R Williams, S Jones, I & Goulding, A 2002,’Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health’, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 76, no. 3, pp. 675-680, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Cecil, J Palmer, C Wrieden, W Murrie, I Bolton-Smith, C Watt, P Wallis, D & Hetherington, M 2005, ‘Energy intakes of children after preloads: adjustment, not Compensation 1-3’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 302-308, retrieved 19 August 2011, . Clauson, K Shields, K McQueen, C & Persad, N 2008,’Safety issues associated with commercially avalibale energy drinks’, Journal Of The American Pharmacists Association: Japha, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 55, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Crowley, E Williams, L Roberts, T Jones, P & Dunstan, R 2008, â⠂¬ËœEvidence for a role of cow’s milk consumption in chronic functional constipation in children: Systematic review of the literature from 1980 to 2006’, Nutrition & Dietetics, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 29-35, retrieved 21 August 201l, . Haug, A Hostmark, A Harstad, O 2007,’Bovine milk in human nutrition-a review’, Lipids in Health And Disease, vol. 6, pp. 25, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Henriksen, C Eggesbo, M Halvorsen, R &Botten, G 2000, ‘Nutrient intake among two-year-old children on cows’ milk-restricted diets’ , Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway:1992), vol. 89, no. 3, pp. 272-278, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost.Kristensen, M Jensen, M Kudsk, J Henriksen, M & Molgaard, C 2005,’Short-term effects on bone turnover of replacing milk with cola beverages: a 10-day interventional study in young men’, Osteoporosis International: A Journal Established As Result Of Coope ration Between The European Foundation For Osteoporosis And The National Osteoporosis Foundation Of The USA, vol. 16, no. 2. pp. 1803-1808, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Malinauskas, B Aeby, V Overton, R Carpenter-Aeby, T & Barber-Heidal, K 2007,’ A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students’, Nutrition Journal, vol. , pp, 35, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Oddy, W & O’Sullivan, T 2009,’ Energy drinks for children and adolescents’, BMJ (Clinical Research Ed), vol. 340, pp. 64, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Patel, A Hampton, K 2011, ‘Encouraging consumption of water in school and child care settings: access, challenges, and strategies for improvement’, American Journal of Public Health, vol. 101, no. 8, pp. 1370-1379, retrieved 23 August 2011, < http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy-m. deakin. edu. u/ehost/pdfviewer/pd fviewer? sid=37554068-00c1-45ad-a81c-1faf54e13bcd%40sessionmgr110&vid=2&hid=106>. Pfeuffer, M Schrezenmeir, J 2007,’Milk and the metabolic syndrome’, Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal Of The International Association For The Study Of Obesity, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 109-118, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Popkin, B Armstrong, L Bray, G Caballero, B Frei, B & Willett, W 2006,’A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States’, The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 529-542, retrieved 4 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Scholey, A Kennedy, D 2004,’Cognitive and Physiological effects of an â€Å"energy drink†: an evaluation of the whole drink and of glucose, caffeine and herbal flavouring fractions’, Psychopharmacology, vol. 176, no. 3-4, pp. 320-330, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Shirreffs, S 2009, ‘Hy dration in sport and exercise: water, sports drinks and other drinks’, Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 374-379, retrieved 19 August 2011, .Vieira, M Morais, M Spolidoro, J Toporovski, M Cardoso, A Araujo, G Nudelman, V & Fonseca, M 2010, ‘A survey on clinical presentation and nutritional status of infants with suspected cow milk allergy’, BMC Pediatrics, vol. 10, pp. 25, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Watt, R Dykes, J & Sheiham, A 2000, ‘Drink consumption in British preschool children: relation to vitamin C, iron and calcium intakes’, Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13-19, retrieved 20 August 2011, .Weaver, C 2009, ’Should dairy be recommended as part of a healthy vegetarian diet? Point’, The American Journal Of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 1634S-1637S, retrieved 5 September 2011, MEDLINE with Full Text, EBSCOhost. Williamson, C 2009, ‘Functional foods: what are the benefits? , British Journal of Community Nursing, vol. 14, no. 6, retrieved 19 August 2011, < http://web l4. ebscohost. com. ezproxy-m. deakin. edu. au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=d08a7352-0a80-4eb7-a906-eef22e10525e%40sessionmgr112&vid=5&hid=106>.

Music Therapy Essay

Music therapy is the use of music by health care professionals to promote healing and enhance quality of life for their patients. Music therapy may be used to encourage emotional expression, promote social interaction, relieve symptoms, and for other purposes. Music therapists may use active or passive methods with patients, depending on the individual patient’s needs and abilities. The idea of music as a healing influence which could affect health and behavior is as least as old as the writings of Aristotle and Plato. Native Americans and other indigenous groups have used music to enhance traditional healing practices for centuries. Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners have used music for healing. Traditional ragas (â€Å"melodic modes† used in classical music in India) have also been used to create different states of mind for healing. The 20th century profession formally began after World War I and World War II when community musicians of all types, both amateur and professional, went to Veterans hospitals around the country to play for the thousands of veterans suffering both physical and emotional trauma from the wars. The patients’ notable physical and emotional responses to music led the doctors and nurses to request the hiring of musicians by the hospitals. It was soon evident that the hospital musicians needed some prior training before entering the facility and so the demand grew for a college curriculum. A very brief historical glimpse of this fascinating profession follows, below. The earliest known reference to music therapy appeared in 1789 in an unsigned article in Columbian Magazine titled â€Å"Music Physically Considered.† In the early 1800s, writings on the therapeutic value of music appeared in two medical dissertations, the first published by Edwin Atlee (1804) and the second by Sam uel Mathews (1806). Atlee and Mathews were both students of Dr. Benjamin Rush, a physician and psychiatrist who was a strong proponent of using music to treat medical diseases. The 1800s also saw the first recorded music therapy intervention in an institutional setting (Blackwell’s Island in New York) as well as the first recorded systematic experiment in music therapy (Corning’s use of music to alter dream states during psychotherapy). Early associations with the interest in music therapy continued to gain support during the early 1900s leading to the formation of several  short-lived associations. In 1903, Eva Augusta Vescelius founded the National Society of Musical Therapeutics. In 1926, Isa Maud Ilsen founded the National Association for Music in Hospitals. And in 1941, Harriet Ayer Seymour founded the National Foundation of Music Therapy. Although these organizations contributed the first journals, books, and educational courses on music therapy, they unfortunately were not able to develop an organized clinical profession. In the 1940s, three persons began to emerge as innovators and key players in the development of music therapy as an organized clinical profession. Psychiatrist and music therapist Ira Altshuler, MD promoted music therapy in Michigan for three decades. Willem van de Wall pioneered the use of music therapy in state-funded facilities and wrote the first â€Å"how to† music therapy text, Music in Institutions (1936). E. Thayer Gaston, known as the â€Å"father of music therapy,† was instrumental in moving the profession forward in terms of an organizational and educational standpoint. The first music therapy college training programs were also created in the 1940s. Michigan State University established the first academic program in music therapy (1944) and other universities followed suit, including the University of Kansas, Chicago Musical College, College of the Pacific, and Alverno College. I was going to pick a few of these and talk about them but, all in all, music therapy helps so many people that I will talk about the overall outcome of what music therapy does for everyone I have listed: Children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly with mental health needs, developmental and learning disabilities, Alzheimer’s disease and other aging related conditions, substance abuse problems, brain injuries, physical disabilities, and acute and chronic pain, including mothers in labor, plus soldiers with PTSD. Scientific studies have shown the value of music therapy on the body, mind, and spirit of children and adults. Researchers have found that music therapy, when used with anti-nausea drugs for patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy, can help ease nausea and vomiting. A number of clinical trials have shown the benefit of music therapy for short-term pain, including pain from cancer. Some studies have suggested that music may help decrease the overall intensity of the patient’s experience of pain when used with pain-relieving drugs. Music therapy can also result in decreased need for pain medicine in some patients, although studies on this topic have shown  mixed results. In hospice patients, one study found that music therapy improved comfort, relaxation, and pain control. Another study found that quality of life improved in cancer patients who received music therapy, even as it declined in those who did not. No differences were seen in survival between the 2 groups. A more recent clinical trial looked at the effects of music during the course of several weeks of radiation treatments. The researchers found that while emotional distress (such as anxiety) seemed to be helped at the beginning of treatment, the patients reported that this effect gradually decreased. Music did not appear to help such symptoms as pain, fatigue, and depression over the long term. Other clinical trials have revealed a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, insomnia, depression, and anxiety with music therapy. No one knows all the ways music can benefit the body, but studies have shown that music can affect brain waves, brain circulation, and stress hormones. These effects are usually seen during and shortly after the music therapy. Studies have shown that students who take music lessons have improved IQ levels, and show improvement in nonmusical abilities as well. Other studies have shown that listening to music composed by Mozart produces a short-term improvement in tasks that use spatial abilities. Studies of brain circulation have shown that people listening to Mozart have more activity in certain areas of the brain. This has been called the â€Å"Mozart effect.† Although the reasons for this effect are not completely clear, this kind of information supports the idea that music can be used in many helpful ways. Music affects people in ways that no other art or therapy can match; it distracts the mind, slows the body’s rhythms, alters moods, and influences behavior. It seems that music holds universal appeal and provides a bridge in a non-threatening setting between people and individuals within their environment. It facilitates relationships, learning, self-expression and communication. Music captures and helps maintain attention, it is highly-motivating and can be used as a natural â€Å"fortifier† for desired responses. Music therapy can enable people without verbal communication to communicate, participate and express themselves nonverbally. It also ass ists in the development of verbal communication, speech, and language skills. Music provides concrete, multi-layer/sensory stimulation, in visual, tactile, vestibular, and auditory. Researchers have shown that the power of rhythmic drumming helps  those with motor control illnesses, such as Parkinson’s disease. In that it uses regular tempo and rhythms to overcome their fast, slow and sometimes frozen moments. Using music in labor and delivery, helps the mother with improved abilities to walk and decreased pain in labor. In children fighting cancer exposed to singing showed an increase of the antibody IgA – a key component in stimulating immune system that helps the body fight the disease. For those with profound cognitive impairments, autism, and mental and physical disabilities, their brains respond more easily to music therapy than to speech. When in tachycardia, cardiac patients were able to reduce their heart rates to 50-60 beats per minute when listening to music that was exactly 50-60 beats a minute. Mentally handicapped children participating in music therapy programs has increased concentration, performance, self-control, and improved speech. For chronic pain patients, bringing into resonance the vibrations of pain with the vibrations of music alters the psychological perception of pain – even altering the pain or eliminating it. Increasing brainwaves has proven effective for people with ADHD and ADD, and various other learning disabilities. Slowing down the brainwaves has shown to help patients get to sleep, relax, find passion and happiness. The ability of music to change our mood seems to be related to the production of different chemicals in the brain. Endorphins triggered by music listening and music-making provide a kind of natural pain relief, where dopamine leads to feelings of buoyancy, optimism, energy and power. Impacts are even more potent for group music-making, because shared, positive experiences also release oxytocin, a brain tool for building trust. In this way, musical relationships develop encouraging non-verbal and emotional expression and building self-esteem, motivation and confidence. Symposium organizer Gabe Turow, a visiting scholar at the time in Stanford’s Department of Music, compared the effects of music therapy to taking medication. â€Å"We may be sitting on one of the most widely available and cost effective therapeutic modalities that has ever existed†, he also stated â€Å"Systematically, this could be like taking a pill. Listening to music seems to be able to change brain functioning to the same extent as medications, in many circumstances.†

Modern and Postmodern Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern and Postmodern Ideas - Essay Example The essay "Modern and Postmodern Ideas" investigates the artists of the modern and postmodern era. Modern and postmodern artists have worked to depict the range of human emotions. There are a lot of artists such as Picasso that focuses on the emotions themselves. Picasso’s works, characteristic of the modern abstractionists, focused on presenting graphic images of emotions without relying on true representations of objects. In his paintings â€Å"Figures on Beach†, â€Å"Weeping Woman† and â€Å"Girl Before a Mirror†, Picasso presents each figure as an abstract collection of geometrical shapes arranged in such a way as to denote the specific emotions and feelings his figures are experiencing. His use of color goes a long way toward conveying the emotions he wished to express just as the relative hardness or softness of his lines worked to establish the relative sharp or dull nature of the feelings. Another aspect of his art that infuses all three of these paintings is the concept of portraying motion or action through the representation of more than one viewpoint at a time. In â€Å"Figures on Beach†, this concept of movement is shown in the various placements of the eyes and nostrils of the figures and the seemingly random placement of the woman’s breasts. The confusion of straight body parts that allows arms and legs to almost become interchangeable also reflects the idea that these people are not remaining in stationary positions but are instead allowing their arms and legs to become tangled as part of their embrace.

The High Renaissance & Mannerism in Italy and the High Renaissance in Essay

The High Renaissance & Mannerism in Italy and the High Renaissance in the North - Essay Example This differed from the stylistic and artistic ideals of the high renaissance, which focused on the exploration of the harmonious ideals. Mannerists painted figures by using twisted or contorted poses and foreshortening. They used this technique to achieve an illusion of form projecting into space. This is evident in Michelangelo and Raphael’s frescoes in the Sistine Chapel. The paintings in the chapel appear stretched. The figures have elongated necks and torsos, which create unrealistic illusions of space (Murray, 2007). Additionally, the paintings in the ceiling of the chapel show sharp jumps from the foreground to the background instead of the usual gradual transition. In this case, Raphael and Michelangelo experimented with traditional subjects from mythology or the Bible in order to intensify emotional responses from the audience. This was also used in order to add to the visual or literary references. Mannerism differs from high renaissance in terms of approach, content and form. High renaissance was the apex of visual arts. This was a period of extraordinary artistic production. The most popular artwork of this period is the Last Supper by Leonardo. Artwork of the high renaissance emphasized on classical tradition and the expansion of the network of patronage. During this period, there was a gradual attenuation of figures into an artistic style, which was later known as mannerism (Murray, 2007). Though the frescos of Michelangelo and Raphael were produced during the period of mannerism, their standards are considered as a culmination of the high renaissance style. These paintings are viewed as high renaissance because of their ambitious scale, complexity of composition, use of pointed iconographic and closely observed human figures. The paintings of Raphael and Michelangelo on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel have differences and similarities to the artwork of the high renaissance. The

Eassy 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eassy 1 - Essay Example Ultimately, each of the four determinants that will be discussed act in their own way to provide for the massive diversity of life that is and has been seen on planet earth. With regards to speciation, this is a unique evolutionary concept whereby new biological species arise as a function of split lineages phyletic evolution. As a function of this, the layperson can understand the principle which sees varying differences arise within populations of farm animals as well as key differences arising in certain breeds of dogs as a process of the split lineage model that has herein been described. Although such a model is useful, it places a level of emphasis on something of a closed system due to the fact that a split lineage must signify a type of event that separated two groups in the first place. Although this is of course a fundamental precept of evolutionary biology, it helps to adequately explain the great level of diversity that is currently exhibited within the natural world (Abbot et al 2013). Conversely, an environmental agent of selective pressures denotes the ways in which certain environmental factors act upon creatures to adapt them to the particular way of life that is necessitated within their environment. Evidence of this can of course be seen in the giraffes of the savannah as they were increasingly necessitated to have longer and longer necks as a function of reaching the flora at the top of the tree canopy. In this way, environmental agents of selective pressures can alternatively be read as a type of natural selection. Similarly, with regards to diversity of plants and animals, dispersion is something that ultimately cannot be ignored or disregarded due to the fact that the level of dispersal means that captive groups of species will develop in dissimilar ways to other captive groups of species. Evidence of this can of course be seen in the way that the American

Octogram.net Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Octogram.net - Essay Example I also scored a good point for achiever. I got 6 in this personality trait which means that I am very ambitious and like to set high goals for me. It is true because I am a kind of person who is always focused on achieving something in my professional life. In case of helper, I scored 7. It means that I am a very helpful person for others at work which is quite true about me. I love to work in teams and assist others through my knowledge. I also want my colleagues to achieve their professional goals. The areas in which I scored less were strategist, anchor, analyst, and team player. To my surprise, I scored just 2 points for strategist. It means that I am not interested in finding solutions for problems which does not seem true about me. I have the potential to set strategies to meet those goals. For anchor, I scored 4 points. The scored truly reflected my multitasking approach at the workplace. I like to get exposure to multiple areas of professional life rather than sticking to any particular role. For analyst, I scored 4 points which means that I am not able to dig into the problems. It does not seem correct because I am a problem-solver rather than problem-avoider. The last personality trait was team player for which I scored 4 points. It means that I am only concerned with my role in the team. It is again not correct about me because I like to help others when working as a team and like to maintain team harmony to achieve results. Summing it up, although some results went in favor of me and some appeared as if they were wrong, but they did expose my workplace personality traits. I think that this understanding would influence my managerial behaviors because managers need to be aware of their strengths and weaknesses. This octogram test would work as a good starting point for me and would definitely help me work on my weak areas. This response seems to be summing up all workplace

Components of a Valid Contract Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Components of a Valid Contract - Research Paper Example Certain kinds of contracts require documentation. These contracts have to acquire signatories from the involved parties under the rule of law to be abiding. Contracts are falling under this category abide by statue of frauds and vary from one place to another within varied jurisdiction. A promise or offer needs to be in a contract to render its validity. Offer is, usually, the first element in a contract to ensure that the contract is legally valid to be acceptable. There is a distinct difference in the offer to be an option or an advertisement. Making of an offer requires the availability of two or more parties, and these parties should be ready to agree to a mutual consent in agreement. The constituents of the offer should be open to both parties, and the return value should be acceptable. After presenting a contract offer, acceptance is a crucial validation element (Liuzzo, 2010). Acceptance should only prevail when the offer is clear and within the bounds of the law. Acceptance either can be in the form of writing if it is within the statue of fraud or verbally accepted. For example, promises made in marriages are acceptable in a condition that there is a written draft of the agreement made. In another form of contract for the sale of the car, the seller may gi ve an offer of $20,000. If the buyer accepts, the offer there is a definite creation of a binding contract in a written format. It is worth noting that counter offer has no classification as a form an acceptance. It is, usually, a form of rejection for the offer in place (Gillies, 2004). In a perfect example, if the car buyer counter-offers a purchase of $100,000 it counts as a typical rejection of the initial sale offer. In the case of the counter acceptance by the seller, the contract may automatically face its completion. However, in the case of rejection

REFLECTION ON COURSE PAPER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

REFLECTION ON COURSE PAPER - Assignment Example However, once the course started, the various readings that were considered, writings that were undertake, and discussions that were had proved that I was going to get more than I expected. Even though my academic ambitions for the course were satisfied, much more were going to be gained for my professional involvement and this is what this reflection paper seeks to bring to bear. As part of the reflection paper therefore, I am going to discuss and scrutinize some new ideas and perspectives that were learned as part of the readings, writings and discussions on the course that was undertaken. Generally, the ideas and perspectives are rooted in the principles of resonance and leadership that was learned. Later, way in which the ideas gained have helped in bringing about a professional transformation to me shall also be treated. The very first new idea that I have learned from the course is rooted in the principle that world-class performers work hard to create their dreams (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2001). Commonly, people tend to have a notion that success comes to people by accident or through luck. They hardly realize that success is a well calculated plan that is executed when key strategies and structures are put in place (Byrne, 2011).

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Essay

Stress Reduction In Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Pediatric Massage - Essay Example Pediatric massage is an alternative and contemporary treatment that uses massage therapy. This is the process of manipulation of the soft tissues that is intended to promote the health and wellbeing of the autistic child. Massage takes into account each child’s cognitive and physical development of the child as well as the health care needs thus able to relieve physical pains and psychological torment acting as a stress reliever when applied to autistic children (Shipwright & Dryden, 2012). Research studies indicate that children with autistic spectrum disorder show less stereotypical autistic behavior and are more social and attentive after receiving a massage therapy. These children are equally less anxious after the reception of massage. Pediatric massage, when used by the caregiver, helps in strengthening the emotional bond between the caregiver and the child thus helps in reduction of stress each time the caregiver comes into a tactile association with the autistic child (Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif,

COMPANY LAW 402 ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPANY LAW 402 - Assignment Example We instituted legal research into this matter with a view of determining the suitability and legality of starting a Picture Framing business in Australia. We believe this goes towards the very crux of your matter. Further, we would like to state that our services can only be of a legal nature on this matter. It is your duty to seek out qualified professionals who will assess the proposed business venture while looking at its location and profitability in order to determine whether it will be a going concern. Due Diligence It would be remise of our duty as consultants if we did not advice you that it is your duty look into the financial and commercial aspects of this business venture. This is because a business wherever it is instituted needs to have a strong financial basis that will see its survival and development. This should be done so as to avoid a situation where you have overlooked the financial aspects of this venture. That would be catastrophic. You should undertake this res earch through professional help. Ownership Before starting on any business, you need to determine whether or not the company structure is right for the particular company, decide what name the company is to assume, its mode of operation, the legal obligations that are assumed by the company, getting the requisite consents and finally registering the company (Commission). As discussed with you a summary of the proposed corporate structure has been prepared. It should be reviewed carefully and approved by your accountant. Australian Law provides for the structuring of any business in four ways. 1. Sole trader: an individual trading on their own 2. Partnership: an association of people or entities carrying on a business together, but not as a company 3. Trust: an entity that holds property or income for the benefit of others 4. Company: a legal entity separate from its shareholders. Sole Trader Looking at the business of a sole trader, one realizes that the same is entered into by one owner. This owner gets the benefit of directly transacting with his clientele thereby creating a trust as between the business and the clientele. The tax obligations related to this business are subject to the personal rates of the business (Government). The only major disadvantage of this enterprise is that the owner is personally liable for the business liabilities of the company. This opens up the owner to lawsuits that are consequent from the company as the company is not a separate legal entity. A sole trader cannot also share the burden of management and costs with any other person (Lawyers). In relation to the Picture Framing business, you both want to be co-owners of the enterprise. This in effect renders this business structure nugatory as far as your proposed enterprise is concerned. Trust The other business enterprise that is provided for in Australia is in the nature of a Trust. A Trust is defined to be a business where the trustee conducts business for the benefit of ce rtain beneficiaries. This in effect means that at all times the trustee can only conduct business that is in the interest of the beneficiaries. The advantages of Trusts are that it minimizes the tax that is levied on the business as the income from the business can be directed at the beneficiary with the lowest income thereby

Managing Culture and Change Essay Example for Free

Managing Culture and Change Essay The present scenario has made the future of organizations uncertain. Companies that are excelling in their relevant industries right now may be pushed out in the near future by upstarts with better ideas and more versatility than them. It has happened so often in the past that the only certainty is that it will keep on happening in the future. The only long term sustainable competitive advantage that organizations can hope to create is through their people, and the behaviour of these people is largely determined by the corporate culture in which they are immersed. A successful corporate culture will see the organization through the near future, but unless the organization is proactive in its bid to keep on adapting to the changing business environment, that same corporate culture may sound the death knell for the organization in the future. CORPORATE CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE The question on every entrepreneur, every CEO, and on every member of the Board of Directors’ mind since before the inception of the concept of an organization as an institution has been: how to make more money? Once this fundamental urge has been recognized one can comprehend the reason behind the actions of the above-mentioned in ensuring the success of their respective organizations, as the evidence of past decades have proved that organizational success is the key determinant of greater financial reward for them; hence stemmed the need to identify the factors that would translate into success for an organization. The idea that an organizations culture would influence its performance is hardly new. ‘Search of Excellence’, published in 1982 and authored by Waterman and Peters made the concept famous, and in 1992 in ‘Corporate Culture and Performance’, Hesket and Kotter compared various organizations and the relation of their performance within a time period with their cultures. But with increasing research being conducted on the correlation between an organizations vision and the employees’ actions, doubt is cast on the efficacy of expecting that an organizations culture will determine its performance. Instead, consensus is being established that a few core values largely determine the success or failure of organizations. SUCCESS Success of an organization can be defined differently depending on the industry in which the organization operates. An organization in a high risk industry can view success as the ability to survive all these years. Another organization may view continuing growth over and above competitors as success, while still another might seek to become the market leader in its particular industry in order for it to be considered a success. Pyramid of Organizational Development Whatever the perception an organization has, in order to be successful an organization needs to follow six steps or tasks at each level of its growth in order for it to succeed at all of those stages. It needs to determine its market niche in which it will operate, develop the product/service accordingly, acquire the relevant resources be they land labour or capital, develops a system of standardized procedures for operations, and then the same for management, and finally, develop a corporate culture that management perceives as being important to lead the firm. Before any further discussion can be carried out, corporate culture must be defined as, a structure of collective values and beliefs that work together with the systems, the organizational structure, and the employees to produce norms, which then turn into what is necessary to the organization, and the processes of getting things done – the how and the why. It is an intangible aspect of an organization that cannot be seen, touched, heard or smelt, but is present nonetheless and which ultimately determines whether that organization will succeed or not. It is the core values that were mentioned earlier, to produce the norms that determine the behaviour of the employees, which ultimately determines the productivity and thus success of the firm. The steps taken together are framed as a hierarchical model into a pyramid of organizational development that emphasizes the importance of each step for the organizations development depending on the stage of growth the organization is in at that point. The last three of the steps form the structure that will be the sustainable competitive advantage of the firm, inimitable by competitors, thus ensuring long term success for the firm. ROLES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Corporate culture by itself plays several roles in the organization. It develops a cultural identity in an employee by establishing a commitment of the employee to achieving the organizations goals and objectives. That identity serves to increase the devotion and involvement of the employee by making him/her reconcile the organizations success as his/her own. Corporate culture also uses a deductive approach to align an employee’s behaviour with acceptable norms that have been already determined by the organization so that it need not worry about policing the employee to do what is right according to the organization. Instead of the management having to interfere now the employee’s peers can bring a maverick back in line with acceptable behaviour as determined by the values of the organization. In addition to these, an organizations culture acts as a motivational tool that is more effective than managerial insistence. However, if the organization’s stated values are out of sync with the culture that is being promoted the employees will become disillusioned with the organization and its stated commitment to quality of work life as the rewards will be based on the stated values as opposed to what the prevailing organizational culture promotes. TYPES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Strong The desired roles that the culture of the organization is to play and reality may starkly differ depending on the type of culture that is prevalent in the organization. A Strong Culture is reminiscent of an organization that spends a significant amount of time and resources in communication and reinforcement by management of the values of the organization to the various employees. This is facilitated by having well-defined vision and mission statements that have been established with the help of both the top and bottom rung of the organization. In addition, these statements and their espoused values are adopted by top management and thus succeed in their task of influencing the employees by convincing them of their commitment to the organization and its value system. Weak On the other hand a Weak Culture is quite the opposite, in its lack of cultural identity and the divergence of employee behaviour and organizational goals. A weak culture also involuntarily imparts an image of punishing those employees that might be working towards organizational success, through the actions of their peers who have this weak corporate value system ingrained into them. Thus there is little allegiance to the organization and little unity inside it. Unhealthy An Unhealthy corporate culture rests on the basis that change is undesirable. In such an environment risk-taking and experimentation for the sake of innovation is frowned upon, and so the organization has to seek ideas outside the firm for better practices and approaches. This is a costly result of the politicized environment that prevails in such an organization, where decisions are made based on the power wielded by the participants and not on the value of their respective input. Adaptive The fourth type of culture in an organization is an Adaptive one which is contrary to the unhealthy culture in its regard for entrepreneurial activities. Such an organization is a proactive entity that actively seeks out innovative and experimental solutions to any issues that might have to be faced. Risk taking is encouraged to the extent that employees might be funded to bring their ideas to life, in the recognition that successful adaption to the environment through risky enterprises enable the organization to prosper over its competitors. CONFLICT IN CORPORATE CULTURE An organizations culture is influenced by the social power of relationships, more specifically, the potential loss of those relationships. This invokes cognitive dissonance in a person more than does any other action, and thus motivates us the most to make sure that such a situation does not arise. From this motivation an organizations culture is developed as a means to protect these relationships, leading to the theory of conflict resolution and culture development. Social influences in the form of formal and informal networks, family networks, relationships with leaders, and legal regulations are what determine the behaviour of a person in an organization with regards to conflict resolution. Although conflict invariably leads to closer bond in relationships than before, it can also lead to rejection or coercion by one or both party. The conflict can only be resolved when both parties either cooperate in or reject the relationship. The eventual conflict resolution results in a differing viewpoint held by the onlookers as either a matter of public discourse or of private thought, which viewpoints are shared with others depending on the closeness of their relationship. And while cooperative conflict resolutions foster greater trust and unity, competitive conflict resolution in hierarchically dominated organizations, where management often passes judgement rather than mediates, results in a chasm between formal and informal cultures that causes a drop in organizational performance. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS Human Resource Management has become an increasingly important function in organizations with the findings of several researches supporting the relation between high-performance and HR practices. The recognition through these researches that the only long term sustainable competitive advantage that an organization enjoys is the capabilities of its human resource has further caused organizations to reinvent this previously neglected function as well as resulted in an increase in the perceived advantages of a strategically-focused Human Resource Department. Amongst these, cultural management is an important benefit that pertains to the development, communication, reinforcement, and change of the corporate culture to the employees. SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE An organization’s corporate culture can either hinder or contribute to the success of a firm by influencing the behaviours and attitudes of employees with respect to the overall organizational strategy. A corporate culture that promotes behaviours that are aligned with the company’s values provides guidance to the employees with respect to the accepted norms of the organization and reinforces those peer actions that support the desired culture. The HR as the manager of the corporate culture aligns its own practices in an effort to increase commitment amongst employees towards achieving the desired vision of the organization by reaching their performance targets, and by engaging in adaptive and innovative entrepreneurial activities. A successful corporate culture is one which supports the organizations execution of its strategy, with the help of HR managers, who align the desired values of the organization with the values that are actually prevalent. While some organizations seek to prescribe specific corporate values that will lead to greater performance, it has been discovered that instead it is the fit of these values to the internal and external realities of the organization – the employees’ behaviour and the business environment – that the HR must focus on as a culturally compatible management system. To do so, the practices of the HR Management, more specifically, the staffing, training and development, incentive and payment packages, performance appraisals and job design, all become areas where HR can influence the cultural communication strategy. As a company that dedicated its existence to the production and sale of coffee, Starbucks has experience phenomenal growth to reach its current market leadership position. From generating sales of $122 million in 1993, Starbuck’s has grown to such an extent that its competitors have less outlets in all of the United States than Starbucks has in California. And the stated reason by its CEO, Howard Schultz, for this success is its people. â€Å"The way we treat our people affects the way they treat our customers and, in turn, our financial performance. † In lieu of this statement Starbucks offers good quality of work life to its employees, adopts diversity as an integral part of doing business, maintains a high standard in its production processes, develops its customers, engages in Corporate Social Responsibility, and recognizes the importance of maintaining profitability as a means of continued success. NOT-SO-SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE Unfortunately, discovering the right fit of values that an organization can use as a component of its successful corporate strategy can become ‘the winner’s curse’ if left unmonitored, for while it is difficult to change any culture in any organization, changing a seemingly successful culture is next to impossible. No one wants to mess with a winning formula, whether due to superstition, the belief that it will weather any competition, or due to inability to accept that the environment has changed. Whatever the reason, history is replete with examples of how successful companies were brought to their knees by a more versatile competitor. The US automobile industry was indifferent of the lower-costing, higher-quality Japanese cars until it was too late, believing that the Japanese cars were just a momentary novelty. In the same way, until sales started decreasing fast Sears remained ignorant of the changes brought to the organizations environment by Wal-Mart. The McDonnell Douglas Corporation is another example of a company that failed to adapt to the changing environment, and was acquired by Boeing. Core Rigidities Inducting the use of Standard Operating Procedures as a means to increase production by cutting down on wastage of time and resources, while beneficial in producing economies of scale can be harmful to the future success of the firm as well. These procedures and routines can serve as a source of suitable solutions to any problems that might be faced, but in doing so negate the possibility of searching for knowledge and innovation outside the organization. Consequently the core competency of the firm is transformed into the core rigidity as exploration is shelved for exploitation. In addition to which, the feedback from the use of SOPs is ignored due to selective filter of already existing procedures which siphon out any corrective measures that the feedback might have been trying to highlight. This is largely due to the fact that no firm can keep changing forever. There is an absorptive capacity for every organization beyond which it is incapable of adapting to any more change. Crisis The only way to break out of such a potentially hazardous ‘advantage’ is for there to be an existence of a crisis that jolts the organization out of its routine. Some companies even try to introduce the perception of a crisis in the organization in order to stimulate innovation, such as Hewlett Packard, following the story by Sturgeon, ‘Microcosmic God’ in which Sturgeon talks of a miniature world which is introduced to numerous difficulties such as earthquakes, and droughts, and whose inhabitants are forced to either evolve or die out. While such practices might seem unethical it is disputed whether it is more advisable to let a firm fail because the leader of the organization could not bring it upon himself/herself to fool the employees for their future benefit. CONCLUSION If an organization’s successful culture eventually ends up costing the organization in the future, can it really be deemed a ‘successful’ corporate culture? Up to the limit of an organization’s absorptive capacity, a successful corporate culture should be redefined as a culture that while maintains all the characteristics as mentioned previously, is also a culture that can recognize that no matter what the fit of the organization’s culture is at present, that fit can change, and the possibility of that change should not be ignored, rather it should be actively sought out. And while it is a difficult thing to change a culture at any point, the organization should be ready to do so if it is to maintain its competitive advantage and not be replaced by a more nimble and recent competitor like Sears was by Wal-Mart. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummings, T. G. Worley, C. G. (2005) Organization Development and Change. USA. Thomson South-Western. Davenport, T. H. Prusak, L. (2000) Working Knowledge. Harvard Business Press Hassard, J. Pym, D.(1993) The Theory and Philosophy of Organizations. Routledge Hitt, M. A. , Hoskisson, R. E. Ireland, R. D. (1998) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Learning Kono, T. Clegg, S. (1998) Transformations of Corporate Culture. Walter de Gruyter Kotter, J. (1992) Corporate Culture and Performance. Free Press. Thompson, A. A. Jr. , Strickland III, A. J. Gamble, J. E. (2006) Crafting and Executing Strategy. United States. McGraw-Hill Balkaran, L. (1995) Corporate Culture. Find Articles [Internet]. Available from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m4153/is_/ai_17365781 [December 19, 2008] Denison, D. How your corporate culture can impact your business performance. IMD Webletter [Internet]. Available from http://www01. imd. ch/webletter/pdf/LinkingCorporateCulture. pdf [December 19, 2008] Flamholtz, E. Hua, W. (2002) Strategic Organizational Development and the Bottom

Finite and Non-Finite Verb

Finite and Non-Finite Verb Finite and Non-Finite Verb   Learning Objectives I will learn : how to distinguish between Finite and Non-Finite Verbs Infinitives, Participles and Gerunds Introduction Read the sentences given below: I am writing. You are writing. They were writing The verbs are different in the three sentences. This is because the verb is controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Therefore they are finite verbs. A finite verb is controlled by the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular. If the subject is plural the verb is plural Example : The boy runs fast. (subject is singular) The boys run fast. (subject is plural) A finite verb is controlled by the person. Example : I go to the gymnasium on Sunday. (I First Person) He goes to the gymnasium on Sunday. (He Third Person) A finite verb is controlled by the tense. It can be in the past, present or future tense. Example : She lives in Kolkata (Present Tense) She lived in Kolkata (Past Tense) Try Your Hand 1( H3) Pick out the finite verbs in the following sentences: She kept the plates in the sink. Looking at both sides, he crossed the street. The curtain is flying in the wind. Many of us will sign the petition. They are eager to join our club. It was raining heavily when I left. Rolling stones gather no moss. I have requested him to come. I enjoy reading books. Alighting from the aircraft she switched her mobile phone on. Now read the sentences given below: I enjoy listening to music. You enjoy listening to music. They enjoy listening to music. The verb 'listening' is not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Therefore it is a non-finite verb. Take a look at a few more sentences: I like to swim every evening. He likes to swim every evening They liked to swim every evening. The verb 'swim' remains unchanged whatever be the person, number and tense of the subject. On reading these sentences we see that some non-finite verbs end with -ing and some have to before them. Try Your Hand 2 (H3) Read the sentences given below and state whether the highlighted verbs are finite or non-finite: He was drawing a picture in his notebook. He wanted to draw a cartoon. Keeping her bag on the floor, she ran out. They wanted to meet the head teacher. I polish the silver ear-rings regularly. The weeping woman appealed for help. She had spoken the truth, but we had found it hard to believe her. Non -finite verbs are of three kinds : 1 Infinitives 2.Participles 3. Gerunds In this lesson we shall take up the Infinitive. Read the given sentences: I like to sing She tried to help the old man. 'To sing' and 'to find' are infinitives. The infinitive is the base form of the verb and it often has 'to' before it. Try Your Hand 3 (H3) Pick out the infinitives in the given sentences: To find fault is easy. I did not want to scare him. The best course of action would be to take leave. She phoned to speak to my father. In order to get a job he left college. He had no choice but to travel to Chennai. The young man rose to address the gathering. After certain verbs, such as bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, the infinitive is used without 'to' Example : Let us go for a picnic. She saw her brother win the race. He makes me read the lesson aloud. Try Your Hand 4 (H3) Pick out the infinitives in the given sentences: They need not cook today. He bid me sing a song. Let them draw whatever they want. The children saw her buy food. She is making him revise the lesson. They heard her speak to the policeman on duty. I dared not look into the room. Infinitives can be used to join sentences. Look at the examples given below. Ravi spoke the truth. He was not afraid to do so. These two sentences can be combined to form one sentence: Ravi was not afraid to speak the truth. We see that one of the main verbs 'spoke' is changed into the infinitive 'to speak' and used to combine the sentences. Take a look at another example. He remained inside the burning house. He wanted to rescue all the children. This pair of sentences will change to : He remained inside the burning house to rescue all the children. We see that an infinitive 'to rescue' which was already present in one of the sentences has been used to combine the sentences. Try Your Hand 5 (H3) Combine each pair of sentences by using an infinitive. We started running. We wanted to reach the station on time. Every school has a Principal. He decides how the school will function. The old man gave his servant one thousand rupees. He wanted to reward him for his faithful service. He is determined to attain a high post. He works day and night for that purpose. She collects old cook books from various parts of India. This is her hobby. They must write a letter of apology. That is the only way to avoid punishment. She goes to the hospital every day. She is always willing to look after needy patients. Quick Recap Finite verbs are controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject. Non-finite verbs are not controlled by the number, person and tense of the subject There are three kinds of non-finite verbs : Infinitives, Participles and Gerunds. Participles and Gerunds may be similar in form as both end with ing. Infinitives are usually preceded by 'to'. However there are infinitives that are not preceded by 'to'. Infinitives can be used to combine sentences Brush Up Your Grammar (H2) Revision 1(H3) In the following sentences pick out the finite verbs and the non-finite words. The first sentence has been done for you : Hearing the knock on the door, she ran to open it. Non- finite : Hearing Finite: ran I want you to keep the keys in the drawer. She saw the fishermen casting their nets. Rina stopped at the shop to buy something. They enjoy performing in front of a live audience. She read the instructions on how to bake a cake. I heard the man give instructions to the taxi driver. Her sparkling eyes revealed her excitement. He kept himself busy by teaching children. Please permit me to order the rest of the books Revision 2 (H3) Fill in the blanks with appropriate non-finite verbs: I decided _____ out of the hotel and take a walk. Suddenly a number of monkeys surrounded me and began ____ my purse away. ____ here and there for help, I spotted a banana seller who was setting up his stall. I waved to him and bade him _____ towards me. _____ about two dozen bananas he hurried forwards. I saw him ____ the bananas on the ground. Then he began ____ their attention by making clicking sounds. _________ my bag the monkeys rushed towards him. I made my escape but came back later______ him and ______ for the bananas. Revision 3 (H3) Work in pairs. One of you will ask the question the other will give the answer with the help of the clues in brackets. The first one has been done for you : Why did you go out? (buy some fruits) I went out to buy some fruits Why are you standing here? (greet the Chief Guest) Why will Rajni go to Chennai? (visit her aunt) Why did you sell your car? (buy a car) Why did you travel by plane? (save time) Why did you go to the bazaar? (buy grocery) Why did you spend an extra hour in school? (practise football) Why are you going to College Street? (buy second hand books) Revision 4(H3) Complete the sentences using the correct non-finite form of the verb given in brackets: I am sorry for ________ (speak) rudely to you. It gives me great pleasure ________ (inform) you that you have been selected. I want to start now _______ (complete) the project on time. I shall continue ______ (run) early in the morning. It was rude of him ______ (scream) at his mother. I must stop ______ (give) advice to every one. I almost came under the wheels of the _____ (speed) bus Try This 1 Make a list of 4 things that you enjoy doing Looking at the starry sky __________________ _________________- _________________ _________________ Now, make a list of things you must remember to do in the coming week To cover my text books __________ __________ __________ __________ Try This 2 Use non-finites to write a dialogue between two friends about a three day camping trip that both will be going for. You could begin like this : Seema : I am going for the school camping trip. Wendy : So will I. In fact I saw you write your name on the list. Seema : I have decided to take my transistor. Carrying it will be no problem.

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay Neurons are the nerve cells; they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a piece that extends from the cell body; its job is to send impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath helps protect the axon and speeds the impulse. The dendrites branch off from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body. Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the nervous system. Astrocytes look like star-shaped cells; they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. Microglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses. Describe the structures and functions of the  peripheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body; and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. There are two main groups of nerves: the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. Name the two primary components of the  central nervous system (CNS).   Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninges and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the innermost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures. The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain; it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to coordinate body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli; the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e.: sleep, appetite, etc.); and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. Choose 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system; describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable. Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. Gradually over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot even control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. There is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory. Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. Anencephaly is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment uses splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes surgery. Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an MRI or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed. Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary motor movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease. Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. Shingles (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body; occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications). Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS: Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, complete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

The Importance of Working Together in Groups and Teams Essay -- Teamwo

The Importance of Working Together in Groups and Teams Realizing that a group can become a high performance team is important. Accomplishing this goal is invaluable, advantageous and profitable. Once able to operate from a group to the high performing team is a great step into preparation into the big business world. Leaders and members must also realize not only how to accomplish this but that some problems will and can arise from different demographic characteristics and cultural diversity. That is if one is in such a group, which the probability would be quite high. It is important that members of a group be knowledgeable and skillful in their positions, the degree to which those members can work harmoniously and cooperatively together is equally important and will form into a high performance team. Effective team management plays a high role in building high performance teams. It should always be a question as to what management can do to actively promote successful work teams. Skills and knowledge possessed by every member is also important for a team to become high performance. Although it is among the most important factors, however, it must be coupled with a good working relationship with every team member and good collaboration with every team member. The members who possess the good skills and wide knowledge will be a useful resource to the team if that team member can share their strengths with the other team members and vice versa. It is usually misconstrued that having skillful and intelligent team members is already enough to make a team work right. This kind of thinking is the reason why most teams, despite all of those competent members they have, fail to achieve their goals. A team should establish one common goal, not to think that way and develop a good working relationship with each member. (retrieved from: http://www.strictlysuccess.com, August 18, 2005) This can be done by self awareness exercises, like the DISC assessment and other assess ments or any other kind of self awareness exercises regarding communication style differences. Then these factors and important pieces of information should be taken into full consideration before the actual project is begun. These exercise or assessments can be great ice breakers and mark the difference between a group of individuals merely assigned to a team, as opposed to functioning as... ...of the direction of the project is to come. Whenever demographic or cultural diversity issues become array and cause conflicts and start interfering with the work or projects getting done, just like any other problem inducers, it is the client, the customers, the leaders and or the other stakeholders that are going to be dissatisfied with the results and they are the ones who will experience the negative results. All this may seem a little overwhelming and tiresome to some or to all, but do be assured it is not as hard as it seems. Just keep in mind that you have to embrace the differences between all the demographic characteristics and the culturally diverse team members that make up your group. This with an open mind, and a willingness to cooperate, compromise, and the pleasure to collaborate will harvest many great results and have the organization reaping the many great benefits along with a great top of the line fueled to the rim high performance team. References: Wisdom of Teams; Katzenbach & Smith (2003) HarperCollins Publishers The Team Learning Assistant Workbook; Jeffrey G. Miller (2004) McGraw-Hill Companies, The http://www.strictlysuccess.com/

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Essay -- Argumentative

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America It's the amendment all United States citizens know: the first. This amendment is so huge that there is even an organization dedicated to protecting the rights guaranteed by it called the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Some people nowadays disagree with the idea that freedom of expression is guaranteed, believing only freedom of speech and religious practices are express rights given by the constitution in the first amendment, and that the term "freedom of expression" is too broad an interpretation. Art, clothing, and other forms a person uses to express themselves can be severely limited some people argue; however if they were to take a look at some of the important events in the world's history, they would see that people, if they are not given the right of freedom of expression, don't express their opinion in a pacifistic manner. The Vietnam War is a perfect example of this; it shows many different ways of freedom of expression and how, if suppressed, the can get ugly. For instance, when people were peacefully protesti...

Biodiversity Notes

Segmented bodies 2. Jointed exoskeletons 3. Hemlock – body cavity 4. Hemolytic – blood 5. Reduced ocelot 6. Paired, Jointed appendages 7. Distinct head and trunk datagram Lineages Moorlands Insects Collateral Crustaceans Millipedes centipedes Insects Spider, horse shoe crabs, ticks, mites Lobster, shrimp, crabs Decision, short segments, separate sexes, internal fertilization, female eggs Cent': 1 pair legs per segment, anterior most appendages for biting, carnivores use poison, Mill: 2 pair per segment, detersives, 1. datagram: head, thorax, abdomen 2. 3 pairs walking legs on ventral thorax 3. 1 or 2 pairs wings on dorsal thorax 4 sets of mouthpart: labium, mandible, maxilla, labium Decision, separate sexes Anterior/posterior regions, lack antennae but eyes and 6 pairs of appendages, childcare – appendages – near mouth, no metamorphosis Segmented body divided Into exploratory, carapace – plantlike section that covers & protects exploratory, branched appendages, 2 pair of teenage Insect Ecosystem Services: 1. Eat other Insects . Pollinate plants 3. Recycle nutrients 4.Form the heterocyclic base of many food chains Dermatomes Echinoderms: Calcium Carbonate Tube feet with podia Podia Roles in Eating: pry apart bivalve shells, secrete mucus, and flick food to cilia Lineages: Crinoline Feather stars sea lilies Sessile suspension feeders by arms, attached to substrate by a stalk, feather use arms to crawl, mouth directed upward with arms circling Aphrodite Brittle stars basket stars 5 or more long flexible arms in tiny disk, all types of feeding, tube feet lack suckers, eve by lashing arm serpent like Holidaymaker Sea cucumbers Sausage-shaped, suspension or deposit feeding using tentacles- modified tube feet around mouth, lack spines and reduced endorsement, 5 rows of tube feet Asteroid Sea stars 5 or more arms surrounding central mouth, stomach, anus; predators or scavengers; crawl with tube feet Oceanside Sea urchins sand dollars Urchins: globe-shaped, long spine, crawl along substrate, herbivores Dollars: flattened disk shaped, short spine, burrow, suspension feed Contraindicated: Sea Daisies 0 2 species are known, disk-shaped body, armless, tiny, absorb nutrients through the membrane surrounding their body Chordate: 4 morphological features: 1. Pharyngeal gill slits – openings in the throat 2.Nerve cord – runs length of body comprised of projections from neurons 3. Notched – supportive flexible rod that run length of body 4. Post-anal tail – muscular Cheeseboard's Orchestrate Lancelot or impious Denunciates: sea squirts or slaps Small, mobile suspension feeders, resemble fish, notched functions as knotholes in adults and aids in movement, characteristics intermediate between invertebrate and verve, sex reproduce and external fertilization Gill slits in larva and adult; notched, nerve cord, and tail only in larvae; exoskeleton-like coat of polysaccharide called a tunic; U-shaped gut; two siphon; suspension feeders; larva Vertebrates: 2 Seismographs: 1 .Vertebrae – column of cartilaginous or bony structures – which form a column along dorsal sides, protecting spinal cord 2. Cranium (skull) – bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous case that encloses and protects the brain 3 Regions of Brain: 1 . Foreordain – sense of smell; elaborated into cerebrum 2. Mandarin – vision 3. Handrail – balance and hearing; Jawed vertebrates – anemometers cerebellum and medulla obbligato 5 Innovations of Vertebrates: 1 . Bony endorsement 2. Bony exoskeleton 3. Amniotic egg 4. Jaws 5. Limbs capable of moving on land Vertebrate – Eccentricities (SHARKS) Sharks, rays, skates Distinguishing features: cartilaginous skeleton, paired fins, Jaws Sharks fertilization and fertilized eggs or viviparous – consists of – internal

Bad Trip

It is a critical issue that drug war is becoming a source of the destruction in America. Joel Miller talks about this in his book â€Å"Bad Trip† his argumentative thoughts and laments about this drug-war mentality. In this essay, there are three points that Miller wants to emphasize: the war against drugs did not make America better; rather it produces a greater problem to the States.Secondly, this drug prohibition will not end drug use as he mentioned but will only force the consumer to break the law just to get what they want and lastly, he argued about human or individual rights of these people who became addicted to drugs and that there is a way to get rid of this mess. Miller state in his tome that it has been clearly seen that crime has increased, corruption is more obvious, because of their intervention on drugs prohibition.It shows that the State has been put under anxiety in which, its privacy has been taken away since people who are involved in this drug gang were e ndangered, and hundreds of American people has been put to jail, law enforcement has been militarized and constitutional liberties has been break off until even lives has been risked because of this intercession. Sheriff Arpaio’s private, named Howie has been mentioned in his book which he talks about the growing militarization of law enforcement.Because of this fight against wars on drugs the government uses its power to grab control over the property, liberty and worst, the lives of the Americans. Miller note down that the policy against narcotics was far from the simple attempt to get rid of it, and it comes with strings attached that in the end, these strings tightens around the necks of American which suffers their liberty and lives. Talking about this prohibition that triggers the American to do what they want, as mentioned in Millers Bad trip, there has been a very big violent gang crime that happened in L.A. in this violence is responsible for more than half of the ci ty’s murders. And drug trade is the so much related t why this gang violence happens. As a result of prohibiting drugs, the government drives the business into the criminal underground, where violent people who are ready and willing to disobey the law get involved wherein they step into the drug trade at all levels. Such levels include the growing of poppies and coca to produce heroin and cocaine, there is the protection for growers, they protect the traffickers or they are the ones who do the trafficking.The thing is, this has been less given attention and address by the administration. With this, they levy taxes for their services and in this manner; they fund their attacks against America’s interest. Survey says, that gangster possess great handiness, that’s why they are the ones who flourish in the black market. And finally, Miller proposes a solution in order for the Americans to be pulled out of this mess. And this is by advocating drug legalization which will effectively stop this problem instead of allowing people to use drugs or abuse it.In Miller’s opinion, this conclusion demands that America accept some form of drug legalization that will effectively get rid of the drug-control industry but depend on an organization of cultural controls, mainly family and faith in order to dissuade drug abuse. Miller stresses that what the State does, society quits doing. And in his conclusion, so long that drug-war mentality instills in us, we’ll be defenseless and incapable of stopping the liberty- smothering growth of government, and so that the government still have to learn from it before the nation ultimately suffers.

Pulp Fiction Analysis

Pulp Fiction – 1994 Color – 154 mins. Producer: Lawrence Bender Director: Quentin Tarantino Screenplay: Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary Director of Photography: Andrzej Sekula Editor: Sally Menke Music: Rolf Johnson Introduction Released in October of 1994, this crime/thriller/gangster film, directed by Quentin Tarantino, is still one of the most widely controversial classic American movies of all time. Pulp Fiction blew the Box Office away when it received a whopping nine million dollars on opening night alone. The film is known for its extremely ironic blend of humor and brutal violence, as well as its multiple story lines that eventually weave themselves together. Quentin Tarantino strays from the ordinary script by giving the characters long, intense, and surprisingly profound monologues and dialogues throughout this film. The film’s title, Pulp Fiction, comes from magazines and novels about gangs and crime that were popular during the time of the films release. Tarantino presents his trademark style of the out of order plot in this film, just as in many of his others. The inspiration of this film has been profoundly felt throughout many aspects of the film industry, even having an affect on the independent film world, though it is not an independent movie. Pulp Fiction stars many famous Hollywood actors such as John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Tim Roth, Amanda Plummer, and Bruce Willis. In 1995 Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary won the Oscar for Best Writing for this film, and it was nominated for six other Oscars in the same year. Tarantino was also awarded the Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival for his directing this movie in 1994. Pulp Fiction was truly an influential movie for its time and, without a doubt, a classic American film. Plot Summary As the credits end a title card is shown which gives two dictionary definitions of the word â€Å"pulp. † The camera then fades to show a couple sitting in a diner having a discussion about robbing banks and liquor stores. The woman, called â€Å"Honey Bunny,† and the man, â€Å"Pumpkin,† decide they would likely make more from customers wallets than they would from the till itself. They proceed to stand up in their booth and announce that they are robbing the diner. Immediately after he announces this the scene cuts and the opening credits begin. We then see two men, who we later learn are Jules Winnfield and Vincent Vega, driving a car and discussing a recent trip to Europe. The two are wearing dress suits and are on their way to get a briefcase for their boss, Marsellus Wallace, from a man that did business with Wallace without paying him for it. Winnfield and Vega discuss foot massages, their bosses wife, and â€Å"Royale with Cheeses† before ultimately entering the mans room, retrieving the briefcase, and killing the man and another man in the room. The scene cuts and we are in what appears to be an empty restaurant with Butch Coolidge, a fighter, and Marsellus Wallace. Coolidge agrees to lose his upcoming fight in exchange for a great deal of money from Wallace. The next day, Vega drives to a friends house to shoot up heroin before heading to Marsellus Wallace's house to take his wife, Mia Wallace, out for the night, just as Wallace asked him to while he is away. They arrive at Jack Rabbit Slim’s, a fifties diner, and participate in a twist competition, and return to the Wallace house. While Vega is in the bathroom, Mia finds a bag of heroin in his jacket pocket and, thinking it is cocaine, shorts it and overdoses. Scared and worried, Vega rushes Mia to his heroin dealers house to try and save her. They proceed to give her a shot of adrenaline in her chest which awakens her, and Mia and Vincent decide not to tell Wallace about what happened. The story then goes back to Coolidge, the fighter, preparing for his fight. Having received the money from Wallace to throw the fight prior to the fight, he wins the fight, flees the arena, and hops in a cab. He learns from the driver that he killed his opponent and hides out in a motel with his girlfriend before realizing that she forgot to pack his watch. When he returns to his apartment he notices a gun on the counter and, upon seeing Vega exit his bathroom, he shoots and kills him. When leaving the apartment Coolidge hits Wallace with his car. After a foot chase, kidnapping by a shop owner, and Coolidge saving Wallace’s life, Wallace agrees to forget about the fight so long as he does not tell anyone bout what happened with the shop owner. The story then returns to Vega and Winnfield at the apartment when a man they were not aware was there jumps out of the bathroom and shoots at them. He misses every shot and is killed when Vega and Winnfield return fire, and Winnfield is convinced it is a sign from God that they were not hit with a single bullet. They then take the only man left alive in the apartment, Marvin, to be their informant. While in the car talking about the â€Å"m iracle from God,† Vega accidentally shoot Marvin in the face. In an act to get their blood covered car out of public the two men call upon a friend, played by Quentin Tarantino, for help cleaning up. With the help of a â€Å"The Wolf† the men and their friend are able to clean up the car, themselves, and dispose of the body and go to breakfast. As they eat breakfast in a coffee shop, they discuss Winnfield’s plan of retiring due to the â€Å"sign from God. † The story then cuts to Honey Bunny and Pumpkin and their discussion from the first scene of the movie, just before they hold up the same restaurant where Vega and Winnfield are eating. With Vega in the bathroom, Honey Bunny and Pumpkin announce they are robbing the place and request Winnfield’s mysterious briefcase. Winnfield draws his gun on Pumpkin which causes Honey Bunny to point her gun at Winnfield as well until Vega emerges from the bathroom with his gun pointed at Honey Bunny. Winnfield tells the couple he will let them go with the money they collected from the customers wallets so long as he lets him keep the briefcase. They agree and leave the restaurant with their loot. Winnfield decides he is going to be retiring after they give Wallace the briefcase. The scene then fades to black and the movie is over. Comments/Response To me, this film is a one of a kind piece of art that Quentin Tarantino beautifully wrote and directed. Some aspects of the movie – the fact that the audience must decode the order of the scenes – were not my favorite, but overall this film is one of the greatest, in my eyes. Tarantino’s use of dialogue in this film is astonishingly clever as most people would not think of â€Å"gangsters† as the type to enjoy a good intellectual conversation. Similarly, I found it interesting that Samuel L. Jackson’s character, Jules Winnfield, seemed to be a religious man in that twice during the movie he recites Ezekiel 25:17 from the bible, as well as believing that the fact that they had been shot at several times and had not been hit was a sign from God. Tarantino does an outstanding job with having the first and the last scenes partially overlap as well as having them unfold at the same time, even though they are not presented together in the movie. He ultimately allows the audience to see the same scene twice but from an entirely new perspective without even realizing it at first. All in all, Quentin Tarantino’s Pulp Fiction is not only a classic American film that has forever changed several media, but it also successfully skews the audiences morals into unknowingly viewing the â€Å"bad guys† as the heros, which is no easy task in film. This is a must see film for all who love a great film as well as a good deal of blood.

Health Expenditure Poverty Essay

Condition where people’s basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. According to World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life. According to United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to food and clothing a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. Type of Poverty: Poverty is generally of two types which are as follow. Absolute poverty Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occurs when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. Absolute poverty means about the same everywhere, and can be eradicated as demonstrated by some countries. Relative poverty Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by a government (and enjoyed by the bulk of the population) that vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country. Relative poverty occurs everywhere, is said to be increasing, and may never be eradicated. Psychological Cause of poverty Poverty is regarded as a vicious circle. It is the product of different causes. Some of the thinkers have attributed it to a single cause but as poverty is a multi dimensional problem, multiple factors are responsible for it. According to hennery George, the main cause of poverty is the personal ownership and monopoly of individual on the land. He writes â€Å"in great cities where land is so valuable that it is measured by foot you will find extreme of poverty and of luxury.† Marx said the main causes of poverty are the exploitation laborers by the capitalists. Malthus said, poverty increases because of the fact that, while the food production increases in arithmetical progression, the population increase in geometric progression. These views lay emphasis on a singular cause of poverty but modern social scientists consider that poverty is the result of multiple factors. Personal factors: Personal factors play important role in economic status of a person. In this modern scientific era, one may not believe in the fate but no one can deny the importance of personal capacity and efforts in his life style and life pattern. The important personal factors cause poverty is as follows. i) Sickness: Due to sickness a person is unable to work or his income decreases. A major portion of his income is spent on the cure of the diseases. Sickness increases poverty. Hunter has rightly pointed out that â€Å"Poverty and sickness form a vicious partnership each helping the other to add to the miseries of most unfortunate of mankind.† ii) Mental disease: Mental disease and frustration also increase poverty. Owing to this, a man looses the balance of his mind by which he is incapable of doing anything. So his family becomes poor and it aggravates poverty. iii) Accident: Accident of any kind may make a person incapable of working, as a result of which he becomes a parasite on society or his income decreases. When income decreases poverty increases. iv) Idleness and extravagance: India is a rich country inhabited by poor. Idle and lazy persons do not work although they are able to work. Hence they remain poor. There are also extravagant persons who can waste any amount of money in no time. So the cause of poverty is not the lower income but excess of expenditure over income. Such persons also spent lavishly during festive occasions like marriage ceremony, many social religious festivals etc, and they always remain poor. v) Demoralizations: Due to lower morale some person are addicted to drinking, prostitution, gambling and other social evils. Such persons spent high proportion of their income on these evil habits and finally become pauper. Biological factors: Rapid growth of population is one of the most important causes of poetry. Malthus has pointed out that the geometric progress of population is the root cause of poverty. Due to the development of medical science, reduction of famine, control of epidemics and natural calamities death rate has decreased. At the same time birth rate has not been effectively controlled. If a man has too many children his standard of living is definitely lowered and he becomes relatively poor.† Besides, other factors like the power of fertility of Indian women, early age of marriage are also indirectly responsible for poverty. Global Distribution of Resources Many experts agree that the legacy of colonialism accounts for much of the unequal distribution of resources in the world economy. In many developing countries, the problems of poverty are massive and pervasive. In recent decades most of these countries have tried to develop their economies with industry and technology with varying levels of success. Some nations have become fairly wealthy, including the Republic of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. Many developing countries, however, lack essential raw materials and the knowledge and skills gained through formal education and training. They also often lack the infrastructure provided by, for example, transportation systems and power-generating facilities. Because these things are necessary for the development of industry, developing countries generally must rely on trade with developed countries for manufactured goods, but they cannot afford much. Some social scientists argue that wealthier developed countries continue to practice a form of colonialism, known as neocolonialism. The affluence of these countries is based to a large extent on favorable trade with the developing world. Developed countries have been able to get inexpensive natural resources from poorer countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, including oil for power, ores and minerals for manufacturing durable goods, and manufactured goods made by low-wage workers in factories operated by multinational corporations. This practice contributes to the dependency of poorer countries while not raising their standards of living. Economical factors: The most fundamental cause of poverty is economics. The important economical factors are as follows. i) Backwardness of agriculture: Indian Agriculture is carried on with primitive techniques. Due to the absence of modern machines, tools, implements, improved seeds, manures, inadequate irrigation facilities, constant fragmentation of land and exploitation by the landlords etc. Agricultural production hampers to a great extent. Besides these our agricultural system is not sufficient to provide adequate number of jobs or better price for agricultural products. This increase poverty among the rural farmers. ii) Slow and defective industrialization: In India industrialization is taking place at a snail’s pace, due to inadequate finance, paucity of skilled and technically trained personnel, irregular supply of power and raw materials etc. Therefore it is not possible in India to provide employment in large scale tot he persons who are willing to work. Further the concentration of industries in urban areas also deprives the rural poor from getting employment in industries. iii) Unequal distribution: Distribution of wealth is unequal in India. Wealth is mostly concentrated in the hands of a few. These people after an optimum of investment keep the wealth in iron chests. On the other hand, the people who would have invested it for productive purpose do not get it. This leaves a majority of population in this state of unemployment. iv) Unwise economic policy: Indian is rich in respect of natural resources, but poor in making proper utilization of it. Till now we are not able to make optimum utilization of resources as a result of which it remains unutilized or misused. Sometimes due to defective policy of the government people remain poor. Psychological effects of poverty Psychological research has demonstrated that living in poverty has a wide range of negative effects on the physical and mental health and wellbeing of our nation’s children. Poverty impacts children within their various contexts at home, in school, and in their neighborhoods and communities. Poverty is linked with negative conditions such as substandard housing, homelessness, inadequate nutrition and food insecurity, inadequate child care, lack of access to health care, unsafe neighborhoods, and under resourced schools which adversely impact our nation’s children. Poorer children and teens are also at greater risk for several negative outcomes such as poor academic achievement, school dropout, abuse and neglect, behavioral and socio emotional problems, physical health problems, and developmental delays. These effects are compounded by the barriers children and their families encounter when trying to access physical and mental health care. Economists estimate that child poverty costs an estimated $500 billion a year to the U.S. economy; reduces productivity and economic output by 1.3 percent of GDP; raises crime and increases health expenditure Poverty and academic achievement Poverty has a particularly adverse effect on the academic outcomes of children, especially during early childhood. Chronic stress associated with living in poverty has been shown to adversely affect children’s concentration and memory which may impact their ability to learn. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in 2008, the dropout rate of students living in low-income families was about four and one-half times greater than the rate of children from higher-income families (8.7 percent versus 2.0 percent). The academic achievement gap for poorer youth is particularly pronounced for low-income African American and Hispanic children compared with their more affluent White peers. Poverty and psychosocial outcomes Children living in poverty are at greater risk of behavioral and emotional problems. Some behavioral problems may include impulsiveness, difficulty getting along with peers, aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder. ïÆ'ËœSome emotional problems may include feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Poverty and economic hardship is particularly difficult for parents who may experience chronic stress, depression, marital distress and exhibit harsher parenting behaviors. These are all linked to poor social and emotional outcomes for children. Unsafe neighborhoods may expose low-income children to violence which can cause a number of psychosocial difficulties. Violence exposure can also predict future violent behavior in youth which places them at greater risk of injury and mortality and entry into the juvenile justice system. Underresourced schools in poorer communities struggle to meet the learning needs of their students and aid them in fulfilling their potential. Inadequate education contributes to the cycle of poverty by making it more difficult for low-income children to lift themselves and future generations out of poverty. Violence According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution, as a means of survival and economic desperation. Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school in order to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited, according to ECPAT International, an NGO designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children. For example, in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to prostitution for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household