Methods of Estimating For Cost Planning in Construction

Methods of Estimating For Cost Planning in Construction In the Construction industry, cost planning is a vital management process for control the overrun cost of project and gets maximum returns to the client within client agreed budget. Generally Quantity Surveyor as a Cost Manager who is involve to prepare cost planning and cost controlling process for specific stages with respect to the RIBA plan of work. There are some significant estimating methods for cost planning process utilize in construction project. Hence those methods give preliminary estimate for the client at the design stage. And Pre-Contract Cost Planning and Cost Control process are also very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value solutions. Basically it is a pre-costing method of a project. In addition, Term of life cycle costing can be described, according to the definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) noted as appropriately defined the life cycle cost of an advantage as the present value of total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, operating costs, etc. Specially, Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every phases of a construction project as a cost manager to minimize the costs of the project and to make more cost savings for the project success. INTRODUCTION This report emphasizes for identifying critical phases of pre contract cost planning and controlling process in the life cycle of project with respect to the RIBA plan of work how to manage them and how to obtain a maximum turnover of the project within the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager. Hence, this study will discuss significant project pre contract cost planning and controlling process, such as methods of estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan, pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/consultant may adopt during each stage, the term life cycle costing and related terminology and the quantity surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. MAIN BODY Explain the methods of preparing estimates for cost planning for different stages of RIBA work plan. What Is Cost Planning? The Cost Planning is a method of cost controlling the cost (Price to client) of a project within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage. (Page3, Cost studies) Cost Planning give advice to client how much will be project cost. As well, cost planning will advise when the expected expenses will most possible occur. Hence its important for get required project finance and for determining possible project profit. Methods of Estimating for Cost Planning There are some significant estimating methods uses in construction industry for Cost planning process. Those methods give preliminary estimate, hence Quantity Surveyor has to modify predetermine data considering the followings, such as , market conditions, Size, number of storeys, specification level, inclusions exclusions, service, site foundation conditions and other factors. Conference Estimating Method RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, This method uses for preparation of the initial price estimate give to the client. It is based on a cooperative view of a group of persons, and not quantify in any particular way. Financial methods RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, This method fixes a cost limit on the building design, according to the unit of accommodation or rental values. Unit method RIBA Stage A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief, The unit method is multiplies desire standard unit of accommodation by an approximate cost per unit. Not required specific drawings, specifications, only the concept of the project relevant to the required function. For example: Schools costs per pupil enplace Hospitals costs per bed enplace Car parks cost per car space Estimate = Standard units  of accommodation x Cost per unit Cube method   Design Stage This is the superseded method because of inherent disadvantages; this method needs some sketch drawings, historical cost data, Superficial area method RIBA Stage B Strategic Briefing and also can be used for Stage C This is presently most common use method, its use for early price estimating purposes. The area of each of the floors multiplied by the cost per square meter. Mostly important Storey heights, plan shape and methods for when choose on the rate to be used. Story enclosure unit method This technique use weightings for the estimating the building elements Elemental Cost estimating Detail Design Stage (Production information Stage F) This can use to establish the approximate cost of a construction project. It analyzes, the cost of the project on an elemental basis, using from other similar projects. Also provides cost advice during the design process. Detail drawings are required. For example: Approximate Cost estimating Approximate quantities present additional detailed approximate estimate. No particular rules of  measurement exist, Also significantly more information is required from the designer.. For example: Resource analysis (Pre Construction Stage Tender Documentation -G) This method is traditionally adopted by contractors estimators to decide their individual rates for measured items in bills of quantities. All individual measured items are analyzed into its element parts such as labour, materials and plant. This method is not a pre-tender method of price prediction strictly. The pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of work a client/ consultant may adopt during each stage What Is Pre-contract Cost Planning? Pre Cost planning is very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value solutions. basically it is a pre-costing method of a project. As well as Pre-estimation of a design proposal will give clear picture about the cost to the employer and design team. Pre-Contract Cost Planning Process The pre-contract cost planning process according to the RIBA plan of work 1998; it can be described as follows. Pre-Design Inception of Feasibility Pre-stage A Work Stage A (1) Work Stage B (2) Establishing the need (Establish the budget) Options Appraisal (Cost of preferred solution) Strategic Briefing (Target cost) Pre-construction Stage Work Stage C Work Stage D Work Stage E Outline proposals (Prepare initial cost plan) Detailed Proposals (Firm Cost Plan) Final Proposals (Cost checks, design against cost plan) Work Stage F Production Information (Final cost checks of design against cost plan) Graph 2.1 Pre-stage A (Establish the budget) Client appointing clients management team (Consultants) such as, client representative, cost consultant, according to his requirements. Identify objectives, physical scope of project, standard of quality of building and services, timeframe and establishing the budget. Emphasis nature of clients problems and functional requirements on proposed project. Work Stage A (Options Appraisal) Consultant has to identify of client prerequisite and possible limitation on development and cost of the ideal solution. Prepare technical, functional and cost studies by consultant and then it should enable to the client to take decision on his project weather he can continue the first proposal or could do some changes to the first proposal etc. also select the possible procurement method. Work Stage B (Strategic Brief) Consultant has to prepare initial cost suggestion to the client based on an outline statement of clients needs, also to determine target cost. This establish an initial budget for client Client has to investigate availability of finance for the project and value of money framework. Pre Contract Cost Control Generally Pre contract cost controlling process is implement from this stage according to the RIBA plan of work as mentioned by chart 1.2, Pre Contract Cost Control process give ensure the cost of the project is within the clients budget or not. Hence pre contract cost control is very essential in a project since it is planning, design finalizing and tendering and selecting a suitable contractor too. Outline Proposals- Stage C Consultant has to involve preparing outline proposal and estimate of cost as initial cost plan. As well as Investigate the site conditions and preliminary sketches for requirement of cost plan. Evaluate strategic brief through consideration of time, cost, risk and environmental issues. Also establish design management procedures. Detailed Proposals Stage D At this stage, consultant prepares full detailed proposals for the client, and also prepares firm cost plan detailed elemental cost plan etc. Clint tem evaluate outline proposals for make the final decision, Receive design and cost input from client appointed team and extend detailed design solution. And review procurement advice. Final Proposals Stage E Consultant has to prepared final proposal at this stage. Carry out cost check of the design as it develop against the cost plan, hence it Confirmation of the cost limits for the project. Most cost effective in satisfying level of project brief to confirm or put final budget and to check the elemental cost targets. Consultant prepares all required submission for legal approvals. Production Information Stage F All legal approvals should have completed when at this stage. This is the assessment of lowest acceptable tender price based on completed contract documents. And also ensure that the completed designs are controlled within the cost limits. Supply all required information for final cost checks of design against cost plan. Explain the term life cycle costing and related terminology. Definition of the life cycle costing According to definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) appropriately defined the life cycle cost of an advantage as the present value of total cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, etc. Hence life cycle costing related with the time stream of costs and benefits that flow throughout the life of the project. There are number of term use in industry to identify different stages in the life cycle costing techniques, hence flowing are the specially use in construction industry. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) Quantity surveyor assist to prepare this, based on collection and analysis of historic data on actual costs of occupying building (running cost and performance). Life cycle cost management (LCCM) Actually it is derived from life cycle cost analysis and identities, by this way client can be compare building cost and controlling occupancy cost throughout the life of building to get maximum value. Life cycle planning (LCCP) This is as part of life cycle cost management; it is constitute the prediction of total costs of a building, part or individual element taking account of initial capital costs, subsequent running cost and residual values. There are several costs related with acquiring, operating, maintaining disposing of a construction or building system. Hence related costs generally fall into Initial Costs, Energy Costs, Operation, Maintenance, and Repair Costs, Replacement Costs, Residual Values, Finance Charges, Non-Monetary Benefits or Costs. For Example: Sieglinde Fuller Source: Sustainable Building Technical Manual / Joseph J. Romm, Lean and Clean Management, 1994. Life cycle costing Terminology Explain the Quantity Surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project. Role of the Quantity Surveyor as a Cost Manager Quantity surveyor is the person/ firm who manage the cost relating to the construction projects, such as new constructions, maintenance work and renovations. Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a construction project as a cost manager. Furthermore when study about Quantity Surveyors in Cost manger position also have to be identified their duties and Responsibilities properly. He should conducting feasibility studies and writing procurement reports at project inception stage. He should manage estimating and cost planning process and presenting the final cost plan. He should manage the procurement process, and make certain that all phases with pre-qualification, enquiry, analysis, selection and contract preparation are carried out effectively. Ensuring that post-contract cost variances and change control tasks are directed effectively. Involving with cost checking and valuation works to manage them effectively. Preparation of monthly post-contract cost reports and presenting them to the client. Preparation of value engineering and life cycle costing, and also final accounts negotiated and agreed process. Give leadership role mange the client and other consultants, at all project phases. Working with top managers and directors, and identify and performing new opportunities to improve the cost management procedures. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION Pre contract stages are vital important phases of construction project to execute pre-contract cost planning and controlling process in a proper way for completion of project successfully within client brief, hence as identified thorough this report, Quantity Surveyor has critical responsibility as cost manager involve to carried out entire pre-contract cost planning process in a proper way.

How to Attain a Servant Position in Victorian Times :: Victorian Time Period

Help Wanted: How to Attain a Servant Position By the nineteenth century, staff for a household became a necessity for the middle class families. Most had acquired enough wealth to attain servants for household duties. The number of servants kept on staff, and their conduct and appearance, quickly became a mark of status, especially near the top of the class ladder (Hughes 37 ). The popular belief was at least three servants were essential for the household. The duties and conditions of work varied, from the virtual slavery of a young maid-of-all-work to the specialized skills of the servant in an aristocratic household (â€Å"Servants†). One way to attain a position was to attend a hiring fair. This was held in September and May, when new positions were entered into for a twelve month probationary period (Hughes 37 ). Usually, Victorians were searching for a specific person who had the capabilities for a specific duty. Most servants did not share duties, therefore when at the fair they needed to have a distinction from the rest displaying their work skills. The prospect would wear an article of clothing or carried a symbol that identified the position they were seeking to fill. Carters and wagoners twisted a piece of whipcord around their hats, while thatches displayed a fragment of woven straw (Hughes 38). In addition to the hiring fair, people seeking such positions could go to servant registries. These agencies printed advertisements that listed available servants, much like our classified ads in today’s newspapers. However, these agencies were not reliable and charged a sum for the service upfront. Word of mouth was the most commonly used way for a person to find a service job. Most common people of the times were servants in aristocratic households. Those that knew the persons in those households could put out the word that they were in need of a position. The servants could in turn communicate with other servants from different households that someone is looking for a position. In many cases this worked better than going through an agency. At least the prospective employee had a person they knew looking for the job; not a person just looking to make some money. Once hired, there was usually a contract that stated the specific duties and terms of the employment. For example, if a woman attained a maid she was usually expected to give the servant her cast off clothes, which was outlined in their agreement.

Bible 105 Discussion Board

Leayotta Karley Bibl 105 9/24/12 Discussion Board Forum Thread 1 From the reading of Courageous Faith: ch. 1-6, I have identified myself with the life of Moses. He portrayed a life with failures as well as received a second chance to overcome his past circumstances in his life. The parallels of Moses’s life to mine is similar in some ways due to the fact that I had to start over again with the help of God. Moses didn’t know what his purpose in life was as myself at present.Do the actions and decisions that I make really make God happy and will everyone agree with me? Several years ago I graduated from high school and entered community college to start my studies for pre-med, but as I grew closer to graduation I saw the challenges in this career path. Then, I decided to change the major to Nursing in order for my credits to transfer from premed and make years spent in college less than in the Premed program. Both careers are highly competitive and honored in all countrie s of this world.My main goal is to join a profession that will help me interact with people and show people Christ’s love for all humankind through myself. It’s a blessing to help people with their problems and be by their side when they need it as God does in our lives. So, now I having difficulties with standing with my decisions and believing that I will overcome these failures. I want my purpose in life to follow with what God wants me to do and not feel pressured by family or society.There are times in my life when I feel hopeless and abandoned by everyone. I want to stay strong, but my emotions take over me and cause me emotional distress. This allows me to lose faith and trust in God when nothing seems to be going the way I want in life. From Moses’s life he didn’t understand that God does no abandon his children even if we make wrong decisions in our past. God knows that humans will sin and choose the wrong path, but if they make God their friend and have complete faith in him everything will turn good.We need God by our side due to our chances of falling again are more likely if we leave his presence and take matters into our hands. We should not belittle God’s power and ask for wisdom in everything we do. As in the same way God helped Moses he will help us and make us great leaders in any field of study that we choose. We must glorify God and he knows our heart’s weakness, but he will help us overcome our failures and succeed in life.

Sketch a man in hideous colours

Sketch a man in hideous colours, and you easily set the world against him. The smear campaign tactic summarized in this quotation has been used throughout history, but rarely has it been applied so thoroughly and lastingly as it has been to destroy the life and reputation of Richard III, King of England 1483 1485. To this day, Richard is regarded by most as an horrific monster, a hunchbacked coward who had his two nephews cruelly murdered so that he could usurp the throne. Rarely has this story of Richard been questioned, and yet, when one does examine the fabric of it, one finds that it is badly patched over, with huge, gaping holes that cannot be missed. Keeping in mind that history is recorded by the winners, one must ask, Who told the story? Who profited from its telling? How can we account for the patches on it and holes in it? Answers to questions about the motive behind and profit from sketching Richard in hideous colours are to be found in the perso! n of Henry Tudor, the historical winner of the Throne of England, having defeated and killed Richard in 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth, thus becoming Henry VII, king of England, and established the Tudor dynasty. First, let us consider the source from which all later versions of the Richard the Terrible tales are derived: Sir Thomas More's History of Richard III, written expressly for none other than Henry VII. It is the most commonly read and most vehemently believed source of Richards life and reign. This is most unfortunate, because it is one of the most error-filled pieces of hearsay ever written, and may be good literature, [but] can scarcely be called history. The fact that it erroneously paints Richard so horribly may be to steer thoughts away from Henrys own guilt in the matter, or from the guilt of the men who helped him obtain his throne. The more this subject is studied...

Works of Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith Essay Example

Works of Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith Essay Example Works of Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith Essay Works of Nadine Gordimer and Patricia Smith Essay The conflict identified in the short story, â€Å"Country Lovers† by Nadine Gordimer (1975) and the poem, â€Å"What It’s Like to Be a Black Girl† by Patricia Smith (1991) centers around ethnicity and race which represent how being black plays a role in individual versus society, showing that humans can be critical of themselves and others and also judgmental. Both stories have strong characterization meaning the author uses this to reveal character, by outright description of an individual, by what an individual says and does, and by what others say about the individual (Clugstone, 2010). The message from these two stories are racism of two strong black women who were faced with discrimination, poverty, hatred, love, and both stories end in unhappiness. Most of us have experienced racism in this lifetime it is important for us to stay focus on what is most important. According to the textbook the main character both the short story and the poem was about the black female. There are still racial and ethical problems witnessed and experienced in today’s society in places such as the general public, the workplace, and even schools. This was not a subject that was discussed enough because it was very sensitive and the outcomes of the discussions were normally filled with anger or depression. Country Lovers and What It’s Like To be A Black Girl use the same theme like ethnicity or race. Nadine Griner wrote the short story, Country Lovers, in 1975. It took place in South Africa. Country Lovers is about the love between a young white boy named Paulus and a you ng black girl named Thebedi. From the start of this short story you could tell the theme was about interracial relationships and interracial problems. Paulus and Thebedi are the main characters in the story. The black ancestors were Thebedi’s racial ethnicity and the ancestors were white on Paulus’s side. They have known each other for years because Thebedis father was a farm s

The Fashion Industry and the New Consumer Coursework

The Fashion Industry and the New Consumer - Coursework Example The paper "The Fashion Industry and the New Consumer" analyzes the fashion industry in relation to new customers. For the greater portion of the 20th century, organizing communications had been tackled principally through marketing divisions and public relations, this being an inherently limited approach, consequently current forms of communications administration have incorporated these divisions into the wider company communications function. Moreover, the changes from inflexible to flexible market enabled the company to widen its market by diversifying its products. The move aimed at increasing competitiveness in the dynamic market and this saw Tesco investing in clothe line stores. The Tesco clothes vending company is amongst the largest clothing retailer, by capacity, in the UK and in 2008 it ranked third. 2008. Tesco clothes are dedicated to bringing a broad collection of clothes to men, kids and women. Its website developed swiftly and the sales had risen by almost 47% in the year 2009 as compared to sales at such a time in 2008. Consequently, Tescos rivals, e.g. Asos.com retailer, have felt the impact of from Tesco clothes retailer’s entry in the clothes market. The company parenting appears to work well as Tesco plc, provides a clear vision to the clothing retailer and promotes the business activity to maximize the total corporate turnover. It also assist this business unit to widen its strategic potential and helps all the other business units to ease cooperation and relations between themselves.

U04d1 Critique Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U04d1 Critique Case - Essay Example rtant that the boards focus on testing and challenging the various strategic options before choosing the options and stepping in blindly into the options. The reason being, the architecture of the organizations are unique in their own ways and it is essential to note that the strategy that might work on one organization may not work as effectively on other firms as well. The firms need to work towards building a successful rapport between the employees and management as well as the suppliers and management as well. Also the customers and the network of the firm need to also be constantly engaged in the firm and the related activities as well (Velasquez, 2006). As explained well by Prahlad, it is clear that the strategic architecture’s blue print needs to be discussed with complete focus on the functionalities and the inclusion of newer competencies and the improvements of the interface with the customers. Together all the aspects of the business can build up and become a success. Another important explanation by Prahlad also explains, â€Å"A core competence is a bundle of skills and technologies that enables a company to provide a particular benefit to customers† (Hamel & Prahalad, 1996). The core competencies are a gateway to the successful future and the continuous improvements of the investments and also the company growth. Hence it is very important to consider these and to work towards improving these aspects of the business as well (Mill, 1995). Also a few other questions that need to ba answered and to be considered for the case include the following. What is the foresight for the development of various external factors for the company? The main justification for this question is to realize that a successful business is one which concentrates not only on the sales and revenues but equally on the various factors that enclave it. What is the importance that is given to the governing boards on the issues of the ethical boundaries? It is important to